Vancomycin
Peak level: 20-40 mg/mL; Trough level: 4-12 mg/mL Comment: Vancomycin is primarily used in the treatment of MRSA or infections caused by B-lactam resistant aerobic gram positive bacteria. Serious or life threatening infections (i.e. endocarditis, meningitis) due to suspected of documented staphylococcus or streptococcus in patients who are allergic to penicillin. Orally it is used […]
(Valporic acid (Depakin level) (Convlex
Normal range: Therapeutic range: 50-100 mg/mL Comment: It is the only antiepileptic drug which does not contain nitrogen atoms. Used in the management of simple and complex absence seizures, mixed seizurs types, myoclonic and generalized tonic- clonic seizures Sample: Serum, Trough level
Urine analysis
:Normal range PH : 4.5-8.0 Specific gravity : 1.003-1.030 Appearance : Clear Colour : Straw Glucose : Negative Ketones : Negative Nitrate : Negative Blood : Negative Protein : Negative Albumen : Negative Urobilinogen : Negative Bilirubin : Negative RBC : up to 5×106/L WBC : up to […]
Uric acid, serum
Normal range: M : 3-7 mg/dL; F : 2.5-6 mg/dL Comment: Raised in gout. Also increased in renal failure, alcohol excess, high purine dietary intake, acute leukaemias, polycythaemia vera and in cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy Sample: Serum
Uric acid, 24 hr urine
Normal range: 15-45 mmol/L Comment: Reduced in some cases of primary hyperuricaemia, Xanthinuria, folic acid deficiency, lead toxicity, glomerular failure and thiazide diuretic therapy. Increased in gout, leukemia Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Wilson’s disease, cystinnosis, viral hepatitis, polycythemia Sample: 24 hr urine
Urea, serum
Normal range: 15-45 mg/dL :Comment :Increased in impaired kidney function -1 Decreased renal perfusion as in congestive heart failure, salt and water depletion due to vomiting, diarrhea, diuresis or sweating; shock; in combination with increased protein catabolism, as in hemorrhage into GI tract, stress burns -2 Acute or chronic intrinsic renal disease -3 Post-renal obstruction […]
Urea, 24 hr urine
Used as renal function test. Increased levels are associated with high dietary protein, hyperthyroidism and post-surgery. Low levels are found in pregnancy, low dietary protein, liver disease, toxemia and renal damage Sample: 24 hr urine
(Tyrosine (Quantitative
:Normal range Blood, umol/L* Newborn: 40-220 Infants: 40-150 Children: 40-100 Adults: 40-100 Urine, umol/L* Infants: <87 Children: <132 Adults: 41-281 Comment: Look amino acid in plasma & urine Sample: 24hr urine, spot urine, plasma, (lithium heparin) separate immediately
TSH receptor autoantibodies
Normal range: Negative: < 10.0, Grayzone: 10.0-15.0; Positive: > 15.0 Comment: This assay may provide support in the different diagnosis between Graves disease and toxic nodular goiter, and may also be used to monitor the role of antithyroid drugs. Despite the importance of the thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) in the pathogenesis of Graves disease, the […]
(TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Normal range: Adult: 0.32-5.0 µIU/mL; Children: 0.32-15 µIU/mL Comment: Produced by the anterior pituitary gland, thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) stimulates secretion of T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (Triiodothyro- hormone (TSH) secretion is physiologically regulated by T4, and T3, (feedback inhibition) and is stimulated by TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus. TSH assay was originally used […]