Comment: The major roles of biochemical markers of bone remodeling are as monitors of response to therapy. These markers can also be used to evaluate bone resorption (eg, in osteopenia, osteoporosis); identify patients at high risk of fracture; assess patients with carcinoma as markers of bone metastasis as well as indicators of response to therapy… Read More »
Normal range: 13-54 pg/mL Comment: Intact parathyroid hormone is more stable in EDTA plasma than in serum. Increased in hyperparathyrodism. Level usually low in non-hyperparathyroid causes of hypercalcaemia Sample: EDTA tube or Serum, fasting, under ice
:Comment probably neoplastic <15% Borderline 15%-25% Probably Hyperplasia >25%
Normal range: 12-16 seconds INR normal value: 1 INR therapeutic range: 2-3 Comment: Prothrombin time is prolonged by oral anticoagulant therapy, liver disease, malabsorption, DIC and congenital Factor II, V, VII, and X deficiencies. Results are reported as INR for oral anticoagulant control, an INR of between 2.0 and 4.0 is recommended, depending on the… Read More »
Normal range: 6.2-8.0 g/dL Comment: Increased in hyperimmunoglobulinemia (polyclonal or monoclonal gammopathies). Also raised in dehydration and paraproteinemia. Decreased in nephrotic syndrome, severe liver disease, acute burns, malabsorption syndrome, malnutrition and hypogammaglobulinemia Sample: Serum
Normal range: Up to 100 mg/24 hr Comment: Proteinuria is present in glomerular or tubular disease. Massive proteinuria indicates that the disease is of glomerular origin. Also increased in nephrotic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, myeloma kidney, multiple myeloma Sample: 24hr urine Protein, body fluids :Normal range Transudates : <2.0 g/dL Exudates : >2.0 g/dL Comment:Testing is… Read More »
:Normal range Free: 80-120 % of normal plasma activity Total 13-21 mg/L Comment: Protein S is synthesized in the liver, it enhances the anticoagulant action of activated protein C as a cofactor. In normal human plasma, protein S exists in two forms: free (about 40%) and bound to CC4b-BP (about 60%). Only the free form… Read More »
Normal range: No M-band detected Comment: Useful in monitoring patients with nephrotic syndrome and multiple myeloma Sample: 24 hrs spot urine
:Normal range Total protein : 66-87 g/L Albumin : 35-87 g/L a1 Globulin : 2-4 g/L a2 Globulin : 3-9 g/L b Globulin : 4-10 g/L g Globulin : 6-17 g/L Total globulin : 20-35 g/L A/G Ratio : 1.1-2.2 g/L Comment: Albumin: see albumin, serum. a 1-globulin: Includes a 1-antitrypsin, a 1… Read More »
:Normal range Total protein : 150-450 mg/L Pre Albumin : 2.2-7.1% Albumin : 56.8-76.9% a-1 Globulins : 1.1-6.6% a-2 Globulins : 3.0-12.6% b- Globulins : 7.3-17.9% γ – Globulins : 3.0-11.0% Comment: The primary reason to perform electrophoresis is to detect oligoclonal bands, which are most often associated with multiple sclerosis. CSF protein electrophoresis… Read More »