:Normal range
PH : 4.5-8.0
Specific gravity : 1.003-1.030
Appearance : Clear
Colour : Straw
Glucose : Negative
Ketones : Negative
Nitrate : Negative
Blood : Negative
Protein : Negative
Albumen : Negative
Urobilinogen : Negative
Bilirubin : Negative
RBC : up to 5×106/L
WBC : up to 10×106/L
Epithelial cell : < 10 cells/HPF
Casts : None
Crystals : None
Bacteria or fungi : none
Comment: Urine analysis is a frequently performed test that gives a general indication of the patient’s overall state of health and the urinary tract. Urine color and glucose content should correlate with specific gravity. pH should correlate inversely with ketone (acetone) level. Erythrocytes present may signal damage to the renal glomeruli.Elevated leukocytes indicate inflammation and/ or infection in the urinary tract and indicate the need of culture especially when nitrite is positive. Crystals may from at room temperature, also maybe caused by some drugs
Sample: Spot urine