Normal range: Negative
Comment: To detect antibody and / or complement bound to patient’s red cell (i.e. Hemolytic disease of the new born, autoimmune hemolytic anemia). Also positive following some types of blood transfusion reactions and in association with some drugs
Sample: EDTA whole blood
Normal range: Titer <1:16
Comment: Elevated titers found in Mycoplasma pneumonia and other viral infections, cold aggulitin disease and some lymphoproliferative disorders. False negative may occur if serum is refrigerated with the conrtaminating red cells
Sample: Serum
Normal range: Negative
Comment: With new development in immunology, medical scientists discovered new tests fairly specific for Crohn’s disease and / or ulcerative colitis. These tests can also differentiate between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
– Antibodies against Saccharomyces cervisiae: They are frequently found in serum of patients with Crohn’s disease. IgA level, specific marker for Crohn’s disease, detectable in 63% of the cases (compared to 4% of ulcerative colitis patients, and 2% in normal population), Combined IgA and IgG detect 73% of the cases
– Antibodies against exocrine pancreases: is very specific marker for Crohn’s disease 39% of the cases, while is 0 % in ulcerative colitis and 0% in healthy controls
– Antibodies against intestinal goblet cells: This antibody is pathognomonic for ulcerative colitis IgA: in 28% of cases, IgG in 69% of the cases
p-ANCA: occur in ulcerative colitis in 66%, and in Crohn’s disease in 85%
The panel of 4 antibodies can detect altogether up to 90% of the cases of Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis. All these antibodies are important for follow up of the cases
Sample: serum
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Used to confirm the diagnosis of antibiotic- associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) caused by Clostridium difficile
Sample: Stool, fresh specimen
Normal range: <50 mg/dL
It is the best general neuroendocrine serum marker available. It is very helpful in diagnosing and detecting the following tumors: Carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytoma, gastrinomas, islet cell tumors of the pancreas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, small cell carcinoma of the lung and neuroblastoma. It has the highest specificity for the detection of neuroendocrine tumors compared to the other neuroendocrine markers (like NSE). The higher the tumor serum level is, the larger the tumor volume. Its level is important for detecting early recurrence of such tumors
Sample: serum
(Normal range: 4.9-11.9 IU/mL (4.9-11.9 kU/L
Comment: There are two cholinesterase: acetylcholinestrase found in red cells and nervous tissue (true) and serum cholinesterase (pseudo). Mainly used to monitor workers exposed to orgganophosphate pesticides, when it is recommended that both measured. Serum cholinesterase is also decreased in liver disease and from genetically determined deficiency relevant to the ability to metabolism suxamethonium, which may cause prolonged apnoea following anaesthaesia
Sample: serum
:Normal range
Optimum : <200 mg/dl
Border line: 200-250 mg/dl
Elevated : >250 mg/dl
Comment: Increased in primary hyperlipidaemia, especially of types IIa, IIb, and III, also in obstructive jaundice, alcoholic hepatitis, nephrotic syndrome and myxoedema. Elevation is also seen in severe cases of type IV hyperlipdaemia. Decreased in hyperthyroidism, pernicious anemia, malnutrition and abetalipoproteinaemia. Non-fasting state has little effect on values
(Sample: Serum (14 hr fast
Normal range: 24 hr urine or spot urine
Comment: Normally the urine chloride excretion increased salt intake; postmenstrual diuresis (physiological); massive diuresis from any cause, e.g. salt losing nephritis; potassium depletion; adrenocortical insufficiency. Decreased in reduced salt and water retention, excessive extra renal chloride loss (e.g. vomiting, severe diarrhea, excessive sweating) and postoperative chloride retention
Sample: 24 hr urine, volume
(Normal range: 98-107 mEq/L (98-107 mmol/L
Comment: Increased in dehydration, severe diarrhea, intestinal fistula, respiratory alkalosis and primary hyperparathyrodism. Decreased in vomiting, diabetic ketosis, renal tubular damage, Addison’s disease and respiratory acidosis
Sample: serum
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a rapid & highly sensitive assay by the amplification of a specific bacterial genomic DNA fragment found in C. trachomatis. Rapid detection and diagnosis of chlamydia infection is critical in controlling not only the spread of disease but also the devastating sequelae. Partner evaluation to prevent reinfection is also an important aspect of controlling spread of the disease
Sample: Urine, patient not urinated previous 2hr, Urethral discharge, cervical smear