Author Archives: د.حسام أبو فرسخ

:Normal range

(Up to 0.25 mg/dl (Up to 4.3 mmol/L

Comment: Use increased direct bilirubin occurs with hepatobiliary diseases, including both intrahepaticand extrahepatic lesions. Heptocellular causes of elevation include hepatitis,

cirrhosis, and advanced neoplastic states. Increased with cholestatic drug reactions, Dubin- Johnson syndrome, and Rotor syndrome. In the latter two syndromes, infections (e.g., bacterial sepsis, hepatitis B, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, rubella, CMV, herpes), drug-induced cholestasis, and parenteral nutrition–associated cholestasis are among acquired causes of increased direct bilirubin

Sample: Serum, protect from light

:Normal range

28 wk: < 0.075 mg /dl    < 1.3 mmol/L

40 wk: < 0.025 mg /dl    < 0.4 mmol/L

Comment: Measurement of bilirubin by optical density is used for prenatal assessment of severity of hemolytic disease of the fetus secondary to Rh. Incompatibility

Sample: 10 ml of sterile amniotic fluid, protect from light, keep refrigerated

Normal range: Negative

Comment: Current infection is associated with a rising titer. Titer can remain high for some years after infection. Antibodies usually appear within 4 weeks of exposure and remain up to 18 months after treatment cross-reaction with other parasites may occur with screening antibody test positive. Active bilharzias are associated with presence of antibodies, a raised eosinophils count and ova seen during microscopy tests for Bilharzia

Sample: Serum

Normal range: Negative

Comment: To detect axonal degeneration in peripheral nerves

Sample: Tissue sections (Paraffin blocks) & Cytology

Normal range: 22 – 29 mmol/l

Comment:A major component of the blood buffer system. Useful in assessment of renal failure, diabetic ketosis and metabolic or respiratory acidosis or alkalosis

Sample: Bicarbonate Heparin, ice

Normal range: 60-200 mg/dL

Beta carotene (b-carotene) is the primary provitamin A. this test is used to confirm the diagnosis of carotenoderma and detect fat malabsorption

High levels are found in the serum of people who ingest large amounts of vegetables. It is also elevated in some cases of diabetes mellitus, myxedema, chronic nephritis, liver disease, hypothyroidism and hyperlipoproteinemia. Hypocarotenemia maybe seen in cases of decreased dietary intake, malabsorption, biliary obstruction, advanced hepatic cirrhosis, steatorrhea and pancreatic insufficiency

Sample: Serum, protect from light, fasting

Normal range: Normal finding

Comment: Benzodiazepines are nonbarbiturate, sedative hypotonic, and anticonvulsant. Schedule- IV drugs used to treat anxiety and insomnia. Overdosage may lead to coma and death from respiratory arrest. Concentrations detected in urine are not correlated to drug level in blood nor with the degree of impairment. The presence of impairment. The presence of a drug in urine is only indication of previous drug exposure or suspected drug overdose

Sample: spot urine

Normal range: Negative

Comment: Bence-Jones protein is immunoglobulin light chain and is found in the urine of most patients who have myeloma. A serum paraprotein may or may not (20% of myelomas) also be demonstrable. Protein (kappa/ Lambda) typing on positive results is available on request to confirm monoclonality

Sample: Spot urine

:Normal range

M          : 1.15-2.03 mg/L

F           : 0.84-1.92 mg/L

Comment: Increased in renal glomerular disease. It is also used to monitor response of multiple myeloma to treatment. Raised levels at presentation are associated with rapid progression and poor prognosis

Sample: Serum, 24hr urine

(Normal range: 4-24 mg/dL (106-638 nmol/L

Comment: Although riboflavin has a wide distribution in foodstuffs, many people live for long periods on low intakes, and consequently minor signs of deficiency are common in many parts of the world. Several disease affect riboflavin status. Moreover, deficiency is encountered almost invariably in combination with defect of other water – soluble vitamins. Clinical deficiency of riboflavin has been induced by feeding. A riboflavin- deficient diet and by the adminstation of an antagonist, such as glactoflavin. The deficiency syndrome is characterized by sore throat, hyperemia and edema of the pharyngeal and oral mucosa membranes, cheilosis, angular stomatitis, glossitis (magenta tongue), seborrheic dermatitis, and normochromic, normocytic anemia associated with pure red blood cell aplasia of the bone marrow

Sample: Serum, 3ml, fasting, protect from light