(Normal range: 90-180 mg/dL (0.9-1.8 g/L Comment: Quantitation of C3 is used to detect individuals with a congenital deficiency or those with immunologic disease in whom complement is consumed at an increased rate. These include chronic hepatitis, certain chronic infections (including hepatitis C virus associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis), immune complex disease, post streptococcal and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis,… Read More »
Normal range: Negative Comment: To detect antibody and / or complement bound to patient’s red cell (i.e. Hemolytic disease of the new born, autoimmune hemolytic anemia). Also positive following some types of blood transfusion reactions and in association with some drugs Sample: EDTA whole blood
Normal range: Titer <1:16 Comment: Elevated titers found in Mycoplasma pneumonia and other viral infections, cold aggulitin disease and some lymphoproliferative disorders. False negative may occur if serum is refrigerated with the conrtaminating red cells Sample: Serum
Normal range: Negative Comment: With new development in immunology, medical scientists discovered new tests fairly specific for Crohn’s disease and / or ulcerative colitis. These tests can also differentiate between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis – Antibodies against Saccharomyces cervisiae: They are frequently found in serum of patients with Crohn’s disease. IgA level, specific marker… Read More »
Normal range: Negative Comment: Used to confirm the diagnosis of antibiotic- associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) caused by Clostridium difficile Sample: Stool, fresh specimen
Normal range: <50 mg/dL It is the best general neuroendocrine serum marker available. It is very helpful in diagnosing and detecting the following tumors: Carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytoma, gastrinomas, islet cell tumors of the pancreas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, small cell carcinoma of the lung and neuroblastoma. It has the highest specificity for the detection… Read More »
(Normal range: 4.9-11.9 IU/mL (4.9-11.9 kU/L Comment: There are two cholinesterase: acetylcholinestrase found in red cells and nervous tissue (true) and serum cholinesterase (pseudo). Mainly used to monitor workers exposed to orgganophosphate pesticides, when it is recommended that both measured. Serum cholinesterase is also decreased in liver disease and from genetically determined deficiency relevant to… Read More »
:Normal range Optimum : <200 mg/dl Border line: 200-250 mg/dl Elevated : >250 mg/dl Comment: Increased in primary hyperlipidaemia, especially of types IIa, IIb, and III, also in obstructive jaundice, alcoholic hepatitis, nephrotic syndrome and myxoedema. Elevation is also seen in severe cases of type IV hyperlipdaemia. Decreased in hyperthyroidism, pernicious anemia, malnutrition and abetalipoproteinaemia.… Read More »
Normal range: 24 hr urine or spot urine Comment: Normally the urine chloride excretion increased salt intake; postmenstrual diuresis (physiological); massive diuresis from any cause, e.g. salt losing nephritis; potassium depletion; adrenocortical insufficiency. Decreased in reduced salt and water retention, excessive extra renal chloride loss (e.g. vomiting, severe diarrhea, excessive sweating) and postoperative chloride retention… Read More »
(Normal range: 98-107 mEq/L (98-107 mmol/L Comment: Increased in dehydration, severe diarrhea, intestinal fistula, respiratory alkalosis and primary hyperparathyrodism. Decreased in vomiting, diabetic ketosis, renal tubular damage, Addison’s disease and respiratory acidosis Sample: serum