Normal range: Negative Comment: The majority of infections with Coxsackie A and B, two groups of nonpolio enteroviruses, are mildly symptomatic. Patients with Coxsackievirus infections can have a variety of symptoms from meningitis, exanthems, pericarditis, myocarditis, hand-foot and moth syndrome and conjunctivitis. Other nonpolio viruses include echoviruses. Twenty-three Coxsackie viruses group A are recognized and… Read More »
:Normal range :a.m 7-10 6.2-19.4mg/dL 171-536 nmol/L :p.m 4-8 2.3-12.3mg/dL 64-340 nmol/L Comment: Cortisol excess and deficiency are at the center of several major disease processes, which require laboratory testing for diagnosis. Random measurements of serum cortisol are often useless. Even in patients with cortisol excess or deficiency, the many factors influencing cortisol can result… Read More »
(Normal range: 9-53 mg/24 hrs (248-1462 nmol/24 hrs Comment: The diagnosis of Cushing syndrome (CS) requires evidence of cortisol hyper secretion. While serum cortisol levels fluctuate unpredictably and are strongly dependent on concurrent cortisol- binding globulin (CBG) levels, a 24-hour urine specimen integrates the cortisol production for an entire day and is not affected by… Read More »
Normal range: < 320 nmol/L (Comment: Increased in porphyria (see porphyrins Sample: 24 hr Urine, in dark container
Comment: In Wilson, also in primary biliary cirrhosis, Indian childhood cirrhosis Sample: Tissue sections (Paraffin blocks) & Cytology
(Normal range: 65-165 μg/dL (10-26 mmol/L Comment: Nearly all serum copper is found bound to ceruloplasmin and both change proportionally. Increased levels are found in the last trimester of pregnancy, chronic leukemias, lymphomas in relapse, many anemias, age, infections & inflammatory conditions and Fanconi’s syndrome. It is also raised by oral contraceptives. Deficiency is associated… Read More »
(Normal range: Up to 40 μg/24 hrs (up to 0.63 mmol/ 24 hrs Comment: Copper poisoning can occur through chronic inhalation of copper fumes and /or dusts that are typically associated with industrial work. Urine copper is elevated in Wilson’s disease, chronic active hepatitis, biliary cirrhosis, proteinuria, and rheumatoid arthritis. Decreased urinary levels are found… Read More »
Normal range: Negative Comment: To detect irregular antibodies in Rh negative patient’s serum. Abnormal proteins and cold auto agglutinins may interfere and cause delays in interpretations Sample: serum
Comment: To determine the quantitative variations in peripheral blood cell population e.g. WBC, RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, MHC, MCHC, Platelets Sample: EDTA whole blood
(Normal range: 10-40 mg/dL (0.1-0.4 g/L Comment: Quantitation of C4 is used to detect individuals with congenital deficiency or those with autoimmune disease such as lupus erythematous (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, serum sickness, certain glomerulonephritides, chronic hepatitis, cryoglobulinemia, immune complex disease, and hereditary angioedema. C4 levels are sensitive indicators of SLE and proliferative glomerulonephritis disease activity.… Read More »