Tick born encephalitis- West Nile Valley Virus- Dungue fever- Flavi virus group- CMV- (Herpes simplex I&II (by western blot- EBV- HIV I & II- (Measles (paramyxovirus group- (Mumps(paramxoyvirus group- Coxsackie A, Coxsackie B- Echovirus- Varicella Zoster virus- (Influenza Virus (A and B-
Normal range: Negative Comment: Positive in syphilis, false positive in SLE Sample: serum
Normal range: Negative Comment: Varicella (chickenpox) and Zoster (shingles) are two different clinical manifestations of infection with the Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV). Children with immunodeficiency are at risk for progressive varicella. In older imunodeicient patients, there is an increased risk of disseminated Zoster. Also useful in detecting immunity in pregnant women at risk Sample: serum
Normal range: 2-10 mg/24hrs Comment: VMA is used for diagnosis and follow-up of neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, and ganglioneuroblastoma. Most neuroblastoma patients excrete excess HAV in 24-hour collections. If VMA and HVA are both used in work up, up to 80% of cases will be detected. VMA is also used in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma with metanephrines,… Read More: (Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA »
Peak level: 20-40 mg/mL; Trough level: 4-12 mg/mL Comment: Vancomycin is primarily used in the treatment of MRSA or infections caused by B-lactam resistant aerobic gram positive bacteria. Serious or life threatening infections (i.e. endocarditis, meningitis) due to suspected of documented staphylococcus or streptococcus in patients who are allergic to penicillin. Orally it is used… Read More: Vancomycin »
Normal range: Therapeutic range: 50-100 mg/mL Comment: It is the only antiepileptic drug which does not contain nitrogen atoms. Used in the management of simple and complex absence seizures, mixed seizurs types, myoclonic and generalized tonic- clonic seizures Sample: Serum, Trough level
:Normal range PH : 4.5-8.0 Specific gravity : 1.003-1.030 Appearance : Clear Colour : Straw Glucose : Negative Ketones : Negative Nitrate : Negative Blood : Negative Protein : Negative Albumen : Negative Urobilinogen : Negative Bilirubin : Negative RBC : up to 5×106/L WBC : up to… Read More: Urine analysis »
Normal range: M : 3-7 mg/dL; F : 2.5-6 mg/dL Comment: Raised in gout. Also increased in renal failure, alcohol excess, high purine dietary intake, acute leukaemias, polycythaemia vera and in cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy Sample: Serum
Normal range: 15-45 mmol/L Comment: Reduced in some cases of primary hyperuricaemia, Xanthinuria, folic acid deficiency, lead toxicity, glomerular failure and thiazide diuretic therapy. Increased in gout, leukemia Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Wilson’s disease, cystinnosis, viral hepatitis, polycythemia Sample: 24 hr urine
Normal range: 15-45 mg/dL :Comment :Increased in impaired kidney function -1 Decreased renal perfusion as in congestive heart failure, salt and water depletion due to vomiting, diarrhea, diuresis or sweating; shock; in combination with increased protein catabolism, as in hemorrhage into GI tract, stress burns -2 Acute or chronic intrinsic renal disease -3 Post-renal obstruction… Read More: Urea, serum »