Author Archives: د.حسام أبو فرسخ

Tick born encephalitis-
West Nile Valley Virus-
Dungue fever-
Flavi virus group-
CMV-
(Herpes simplex I&II (by western blot-
EBV-
HIV I & II-
(Measles (paramyxovirus group-
(Mumps(paramxoyvirus group-
Coxsackie A, Coxsackie B-
Echovirus-
Varicella Zoster virus-
(Influenza Virus (A and B-

Normal range: Negative

Comment: Positive in syphilis, false positive in SLE

Sample: serum

Normal range: Negative

Comment: Varicella (chickenpox) and Zoster (shingles) are two different clinical manifestations of infection with the Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV). Children with immunodeficiency are at risk for progressive varicella. In older imunodeicient patients, there is an increased risk of disseminated Zoster. Also useful in detecting immunity in pregnant women at risk

Sample: serum

Normal range: 2-10 mg/24hrs

Comment: VMA is used for diagnosis and follow-up of neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, and ganglioneuroblastoma. Most neuroblastoma patients excrete excess HAV in 24-hour collections. If VMA and HVA are both used in work up, up to 80% of cases will be detected. VMA is also used in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma with metanephrines, imaging, and other tests

Sample: 24 hr urine, State volume

Peak level: 20-40 mg/mL; Trough level: 4-12 mg/mL

Comment: Vancomycin is primarily used in the treatment of MRSA or infections caused by B-lactam resistant aerobic gram positive bacteria. Serious or life threatening infections (i.e. endocarditis, meningitis) due to suspected of documented staphylococcus or streptococcus in patients who are allergic to penicillin. Orally it is used for the treatment of pseudomembranous colitis due to C. difficle

Sample: Serum, state trough or peak level

Normal range: Therapeutic range: 50-100 mg/mL

Comment: It is the only antiepileptic drug which does not contain nitrogen atoms. Used in the management of simple and complex absence seizures, mixed seizurs types, myoclonic and generalized tonic- clonic seizures

Sample: Serum, Trough level

:Normal range

PH                          : 4.5-8.0

Specific gravity     : 1.003-1.030

Appearance          : Clear

Colour                   : Straw

Glucose                 : Negative

Ketones                : Negative

Nitrate                  : Negative

Blood                    : Negative

Protein                 : Negative

Albumen               : Negative

Urobilinogen         : Negative

Bilirubin                : Negative

RBC                      : up to 5×106/L

WBC                     : up to 10×106/L

Epithelial cell        : < 10 cells/HPF

Casts                    : None

Crystals                : None

Bacteria or fungi  : none

Comment: Urine analysis is a frequently performed test that gives a general indication of the patient’s overall state of health and the urinary tract. Urine color and glucose content should correlate with specific gravity. pH should correlate inversely with ketone (acetone) level. Erythrocytes present may signal damage to the renal glomeruli.Elevated leukocytes indicate inflammation and/ or infection in the urinary tract and indicate the need of culture especially when nitrite is positive. Crystals may from at room temperature, also maybe caused by some drugs

Sample: Spot urine

Normal range: M  : 3-7 mg/dL; F       : 2.5-6 mg/dL

Comment: Raised in gout. Also increased in renal failure, alcohol excess, high purine dietary intake, acute leukaemias, polycythaemia vera and in cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy

Sample: Serum

Normal range: 15-45 mmol/L

Comment: Reduced in some cases of primary hyperuricaemia, Xanthinuria, folic acid deficiency, lead toxicity, glomerular failure and thiazide diuretic therapy. Increased in gout, leukemia Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Wilson’s disease, cystinnosis, viral hepatitis, polycythemia

Sample: 24 hr urine

Normal range: 15-45 mg/dL

:Comment

:Increased in impaired kidney function

-1

Decreased renal perfusion as in congestive heart failure, salt and water depletion due to vomiting, diarrhea, diuresis or sweating; shock; in combination with increased protein catabolism, as in hemorrhage into GI tract, stress burns

-2

Acute or chronic intrinsic renal disease

-3

Post-renal obstruction to urine flow

-4

High protein diet

Decreased levels: low protein and high carbohydrates diets; late pregnancy, infancy, acromegaly, sever liver damage, drug poising and impaired absorption celiac disease

Sample: Serum