Author Archives: د.حسام أبو فرسخ

Widal test

:Normal range

S. typhi O : Negative

S.

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typhi H : Negative

S. Paratyphi AO: Negative

S. Paratyphi BO: Negative

S. Paratyphi AH: Negative

S. Paratyphi BH: Negative

Comment: S. typhi for fever and constipation, and headache. S.paratyphi for diarrhea after food poisoning and to detect carriers

Sample: Serum

West Nile virus

It is becoming increasingly recognized as a lethal virus if not properly treated. It should be suspected in any patient with fever with muscle weakness, or symptoms of encephalitis

Sample: serum

(Vitamin D (25-OH vitamin D3

Normal range: 8.9-46.7 ng/ mL

Comment: Decreased: nutrional deficiency, liver disease, malabsorption, low sun exposure, nephrotic syndrome. Hypoparathryoid

Increased: hyperparathryoid, sarcoidosis, type II vit.D dependent rickets

Sample: Serum, fasting & separate in glass tube

(Vitamin D (1.25-(OH) 2 vitamin D3

Normal range: 15-60 ng/mL

Comment: 1,25OH vitamin D is particularly useful in evaluating patients with hypercalcemia due to extrarenal conversion of 25OH vitamin D to 1,25OH vitamin

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D (calcitriol). Such a situation occurs in sarcoidosis, cat-scratch disease, and certain Mega Moolah er ratoff!Mega Joker er en norsk klassiker som du kan teste her! Spill en av de beste norske spilleautomater idag. lymphomas. These patients have increased levels of 1.25OH vitamin D. The underlying biochemical abnormality is the 1-alpha hydroxylation of 25OH vitamin D (a process normally restricted to kidney) in lesional histiocytes which accompany these disease processes. This endogenous from of vitamin D intoxication is, in many series, the third most common cause of hypercalcemia, following primary hyperparathyroidism, 1,25OH vitamin D is decreased in hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypercalcemia of malignancy, renal failure, hyperphosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, and vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1

Sample: Serum, fasting & separate in glass tube

Vitamin B6

Normal range: Up to 15%: adequate, 15-25%:

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borderline; > 25%: deficiency

Comment: Vitamin B6 a water soluble vitamin, acts as coenzyme (pyridoxal – 5 phosphate) in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as in heme synthesis. Decreased: chelitis, dermatitis, glossitis. A cause of neonatal convlusion

Sample: 3 mL EDTA plasma, send immediately, protected from light, freeze

(Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin

Comment: Deficiency causes lesions of mucosa membranes, especially tongue, lips and cornea. Usually part of multi-Vitamin B deficiency found in starvation, alcoholism and occasionally pregnancy

Sample: Serum, protect from light

Vitamin B12

Normal range: 200-1000 pg/mL

Comment: Used to evaluate B12 and folic acid deficiencies, alcoholism, prenatal care malabsorption and neurological disorders

Increased during B12 therapy, myeloproliferative disorders chronic renal failure, diabetes, leukocytosis, polycythemia vera, some carcinomas, and rarely in primary hepatic carcinoma. Reduced in pernicious anemia, certain malnutrition and malabsorption states, megaloblastic anemia, congenital disorders and pregnancy

Sample: serum

Vitamin A

Normal range: Adult: 30-120 mg/dL

Comment: Dietary vitsmine A is derived from animal sources as well as supplements. Carotenoids including beta-carotene are synthesized from plants are partly converted to rettinol. The present recommended daily allowance foe women is 800 retinol equivalents

Sample: Serum, 3 ml protected from light, fasting

Uroporphyrins see Porphyrins

(Valine (Quantitative

:Normal range

Blood, umol/L*

Newborn: 80-405 

Infants: 160-350

Children: 150-350

Adults: 160-315

Urine, umol/L*

Infants: <29

Children: <50

Adults: <98

Comment: Look amino acid in urine

Sample: 24hr urine, spot urine, plasma, (lithium heparin) separate immediately

Viscosity

Normal range: 1.5-1.7 at 25oC

Comment: Evaluate hyper viscosity syndromes associated with monoclonal gammopathy states (myeloma, macroglobulinemia of waldenstrom and other dysproteinemias), including occasional cases of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematous, hyperfibrinogenemia

Sample: Serum, Plasma