Normal range: 40-160 mg/dL
Comment: Increased in familial pre-beta hyperlipidaemia (Fredricksonn type IV), familial combined hyperlipidaemia (Fredrickson type IIb), familial type V hyperlipidaemia, familial dyslipidaemia (type III or broad-beta type and secondary hyperlipidaemia e.g. diabetes, obesity alcoholism etc
Sample: Serum, 12-14 hrs fasting
Normal range: Negative
Comment: A more sensitive and specific test than the VDRL in the diagnosis of syphilis and used for confirming positive results obtained by screening tests. As false positive are very uncommon, a positive TPHA test is strong evidence of past or present treponemal infection
Sample: Serum, CSF
Normal range: 200-400 mg/dL
Comment:Increased: iron deficiency. Decreased: chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia; hemochromatosis
Sample: Serum
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Useful in the investigation of glandular fever-like syndromes, ophthalmic disease and unexplained fetal death. IgG titers suggest present or past infection; IgM tests are needed for better definition of present exposure. Only rising titers of positive IgM indicate current infection, because IgM indicate current infection, because IgM may stay for long periods after infection. Borderline results should be repeated in 2-3 weeks and positive results interpreted according to clinical findings
Sample: serum
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Screening investigation for infants suspected of congenital or neonatal infection due to toxoplasma, rubella, Cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex. Positive results associated with intrauterine or current infection confirmed by IgM positive antibody test results
Sample: Serum
:Normal range
Peak level : 8-10 m/mL
Trough level : 1-2 m/mL
Comment: Tobramycin is an Aminoglycoside. It is used in the treatment of
G-ve infections and septicemia
Sample: Serum
Comment: Very usefule maker for
celiac disease with high sensitivity and specificity
Sample: serum
Normal range: 5-10 mg/dL
Comment: High levels found in hyperthyrodism and low levels in primary or secondary hypothyyroidism. Value is influenced by the level of carrier proteins, e.g. thyoxine (Free TT4) is the preferred test
Sample: serum
:Normal range
Age Male——-Age Female—————-
0.9-3.2pg/mL 19-29 19-41
0.8-3.0pg/mL 30-39 18-39
0.6-2.5pg/mL 40-49 16-33
0.3-2.7pg/mL 50-59 13-31
0.4-2.0pg/mL 60-69 11-26
0.2-2.0pg/mL 70-79 9-25
Comment: Free testosterone levels are valuable for investigating patients with hirsutism, loss of libido and male hypogondism. It is independent of changes in concentrations of the principal testosterone transport protein, sex hormone-binding globulin. Measurements of free testosterone may be more appropriate than measurements of total testosterone. It is independent of changes in concentrations of the principal testosterone transplant protein, sex hormone-binding globulin. Low values may be found in male infertility due to hypogonadism. High levels may indicate an adrenocortical tumor, adrogen-secreting ovarian tumor or pituitary overproduction of ACTH
Sample: Serum, state, sex, age
:Normal range
M: 20-49 yrs: 270-1,734 ng/dL 50yrs : 212-755 ng/dL<
F: Ovulating : 63-120 ng/dL
Oral contraceptive : 54-71 ng/dL
Post-menopausal : 49-113 ng/dL
Comment: Total testosterone measurements have traditionally been used to help screen for hirsutism. Serum concentrations of testosterone in both sexs during the first week of life average about 25 ng/dL. Conditions such as hypogonadism. Hypopituitarism, orchiectomy, estrogen therapy, and some cases of Klinefelter’s syndrome are associated with decreased levels of testosterone. Levels increase from puberty to adult
values, and related to pubertal stage rather than chronological age
Sample: Serum, state, sex, age