:Normal range
Blood, umol/L*
Newborn: 75-200
Infants: 40-190
Children: 80-220
Adults: 75-200
Urine, umol/L*
Infants: < 25
Children: < 55
Adults: 16-123
Comment: Look amino acid in plasma & urine
Sample: 24hr urine, spot urine, plasma, (lithium heparin) separate immediately
Useful for encephalitis, raised liver enzyme and fever of unknown origin
Serum: Sample
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Causing meningitis, shunt infection, brain abscess, acute sexually disease, gastrointestinal disease
Sample: Serum
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Test for visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar). Leishmania is a unicellular parasite that causes diseases ranging from cutaneous lesions to systemic visceral
leishmaniasis
Sample: From corresponding site
Normal range: Negative
Comment: This screening test is positive in a high percentage of cases, although false positives have been found in a number of autoimmune conditions. It should be considered an adjunct to the diagnosis of Kala-Azar. Bone marrow aspiration is usually indicated to demonstrate the presence of the organism
Sample: Serum
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Over 34 species in the Legionellaceae family of bacteria have been discovered since Legionella pneumophilia was first recognized. Thirteen species have been implicated pneumonia. A four fold rise in titer to > 1: 128 is evidence of recent infection. A single titer ³ 1: 256 is evidence of infection at an undetermined time in the past. However, due to the relatively high prevalence of antibodies to Legionella pneumophilia, acute and convalescent titers are preferred to a single sample. Most seroconversions can be documented within 3 weeks of onset
Sample: Serum
Useful for atypical pneumonia
Sample: urine
(Normal range: 0-3 mg/dL (or < 100/24 hr
Comment: Evaluate lead exposure and toxicity before and following chelation therapy
Sample: spot urine or 24 hr urine
:Normal range
Adult : <40 mg/dL
Children: < 30 m g/dL
Comment: Lead is a cumulative poison. In the later stages it may produce abdominal discomfort, colic, vomiting, blue line in gums, encephalopathy and kidney damage. Regular blood levels (every 3-6 months) should be measured in workers exposed to lead
Sample: Heparin, whole blood
:Normal range
Low risk : < 130 mg/dL
Moderate risk : 130-160 mg/dL
High risk : >160 mg/dL
Comment: High levels may increase the risk of atherosclerosis. Often assayed in conjunction with HDL and Apolipoprotein-B to provide a comprehensive screen for risk of myocardial infarction
Increased in type II a, II b hyperlipoproteinemia, nephrotic syndrome, diabetes, familial & idiopathic hyperlipidaemia. High-risk values are more than 160 mg/dL
Sample: Serum