:Normal range
Plasma: An increase in plasma glucose > 30 mg/dL is normal*
An increase of plasma glucose < 20 mg/dl over the fasting level, with symptoms, is considered abnormal and is evidence for lactose deficiency
Urine: Children: <1.5 mg/100 dL, Adults: 12-40 mg/dL*
Sample: Fluoride tube, or 24 h urine
:Normal range
Plasma : 2-20 mg/dL
CSF : 10.8-18.9 mg/dL
Comment: Lactic acidosis may result from tissue hypoxia e.g. from hypovolaemia or cardiac arrest. It may also accompany diabetic ketoacidosis, metformin therapy, poisoning s and some inborn errors of metabolism e.g. glycogen storage disease
Sample: Plasma (fluoride tube) CSF
Normal range: 200-480 U/L
Comment: Total LD consists of 5 isoenzymes (LD1-LD5). Normally LD2 is greater than LD1. However the
LD1/LD2 ratio exceeds unity in samples drawn after 24-48 hours post myocardial infarction. The ratio remains elevated for several days
Sample: Serum
Comment: This test is used to measure the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) in various body fluids
Sample: Specimen of corresponding site
:Normal range
Total LDH 210-425 U/L
LD1 17-31%
LD2 35-48%
LD3 15-29%
LD4 3.8-9.4%
LD5 2.6-10%
LD1 / LD2 <1
Comment: Useful in the different diagnosis of megaloblastic anemia (folate deficiency, pernicious anemia), hemolytic anemia, and very occasionally renal infract. These entities are characterized by LD1 increases, often with LD1: LD2 inversion
Sample: serum
Comment: Determine the presence of fungi in skin, nails, or hair. Exudates from abscesses, sinus tracts, aspirates, etc, can be examined by KOH preparation and also smeared for Gram stain
Sample: sample from the corresponding site
:Normal range
(M: 6-22 mg/24 hr (20.8-76.27 mmol/24 hrs
(F: 4-16 mg/24 hr (13.87-55.47 mmol/24 hrs
Comment: Raised in most types of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and in precocious puberty in males and females. Usually raised in hirsutism or virilisation due to an adrenal or ovarian tumor and in Cushing’s disease or syndrome. Reduced in Addison’s disease, hypopituitarism and cretinism. Levels fall slowly with age after puberty
Sample: 24 hr urine
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Useful in the investigation of multiple myeloma for the evaluation of Kappa & Lambda ratio
Sample: Urine
:Normal range
Kappa : 313-1324 mg/dL
Lambda : 351-662 mg/dL
Ratio : 1.35-2.69
Comment: The test is most often required to evaluate a monoclonal globulin detected in a serum protein electrophoresis. It quantitates Kappa and Lambda light chains in serum and their ratio. Increased in renal tubular disorders, nephrotoxicity and SLE
Sample: Serum
:Normal range
Blood, umol/L*
Newborn: 25-150
Infants: 20-95
Children: 40-122
Adults: 40-100
Urine, umol/L*
Infants: < 20
Children: < 21
Adults: < 36
Comment: Look amino acid in plasma & urine
Sample: 24hr urine, spot urine, plasma, (lithium heparin) separates immediately