Author Archives: د.حسام أبو فرسخ

:Normal range

Hb A1   : 95-98%

Hb A2   : 1.5-3.5%

Hb F      : up to 2.0%

Hb S     : Absent

Hb C     : Absent

Comment: Electrophoresis for separation and distribution of hemoglobins (Hb A1), fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) and hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2) often by other methods, in particular column or high performance liquid chromatography. In this procedure, hemoglobins are caused to separate and migrate. A variety of techniques are utilized. Most common hemoglobins are separated as discrete bands as they move through a substrate in a buffer solution across an electric field with subsequent visualization by fixation and staining (hemoglobin electrophoresis). Clinical applications include detection and identification of hemoglobin variants and the investigation of some hemolytic anemias resulting from red cell intra corpuscular defects. Use to diagnose hemoglobinpathies; evaluate sickling hemoglobins, hemoglobin C; with other and specialized techniques, evaluate unstable, low and high oxygen affinity hemoglobinopathies the latter representing one cause of polycythemia

Sample: 5 ml, EDTA, whole blood

Normal range: 60-270 mg/dL

Comment:Reduced following chronic or acute hemolysis. Low concentrations in the absence of hemolysis maybe found in hepatocellular disease. Haptoglobin is an acute phase reactant protein and may be increased in infections, RA, SLE, Hodgkin’s disease

Sample: Serum

Normal range: Negative

Comment:Positive in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinnuria and in some cases of a plastic anemia

(Urinary hemosiderin should also be requested (code USID), as well as sucrose lysis (SUCL

(Sample: EDTA (Whole blood

Normal range: Adults: up to 7 ng/mL; Child: up to 10 ng/mL

Comment: GH secretion is not uniform throughout the day, and the variations are so unpredictable that random serum GH values maybe within the interval in patients with acromegaly or pituitary gigantism. The key to the diagnosis is to demonstrate that GH is not suppressed normally in response to a standard glucose load. Using the 100 g glucose suppression test

Sample: serum, fasting

 Normal range: Negative

Comment: For many clinical specimens, a direct Gram stain is performed upon specimen receipt. The direct Gram stain reveals information about specimen quality (e.g., by comparing numbers of Squamous epithelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in sputum specimens) presence or absence of potential pathogens, and initial presumptive morphologic categorization of potential pathogens (e.g., yeasts, gram – positive cocci vs. gram-negative bacilli, etc). Gram stain results can provide a guide for initial empiric therapy, and should be correlated with subsequent Culture results to help to ascertain the significance of organisms isolated from clinical specimens

Sample: Duplicate of specimen appropriate for routine culture of the specific site

Sample: Tissue sections (Paraffin blocks) & Cytology

Normal range: 4.2-6.2%

Comment: Glycated hemoglobin values are used to assess long – term glucose control in diabetes. The test should be performed at

the time of initial diagnosis, and then at least quarterly in insulin dependent diabetes, and as frequently as needed in noninsulin dependent diabetes. GHbA1c measurements reflect the level of control present over the preceding 60-120 days; more recent levels have greater influence. Continued high levels of blood glucose are reflected in high GHbA1c concentration

Sample: EDTA blood

:Normal range

Blood, umol/L*

Newborn: 225-515

Infants: 100-430

Children: 150-350

Adults: 75-350

Urine, umol/L*

Infants: < 335

Children: < 893

Adults: 458-4240

Comment: Look amino acid in plasma & urine

Sample: 24hr urine, spot urine, plasma, (lithium heparin) separate immediately

:Normal range

Blood, umol/L*

Newborn: 95-478

Infants: 75-370

Children: 70-300

Adults: 70-300

Urine, umol/L*

Infants: < 19

Children: < 20

Adults: < 84

Comment: Look amino acid in plasma & urine

Sample: 24hr urine, spot urine, plasma, (lithium heparin) separate immediately

:Normal range

Blood, umol/L*

Newborn150-1300

Infants: 150-1150

Children: 150-950

Adults: 150-1150

Urine, umol/L*

Infants: 0

Children: 0

Adults: 290-1030

Comment: Look amino acid in plasma & urine

Sample: 24hr urine, spot urine, plasma, (lithium heparin) separate immediately