Author Archives: د.حسام أبو فرسخ

Normal range: None detected

Comment: This is rapid test intended for detection of glucose (sugar) in the urine. The roles for reagent strip glucose testing in urine have evolved to two limited uses: 1) diagnostic evaluation of a comatose diabetic patient in an Emergency Department setting. If negative, this means that the patients is hypoglycemic –and then it is only useful until the blood glucose measurement is available, possibly 5-10 minutes later; 2)diagnostic evaluation of a newborn, when positive, it may indicate that he has a positive reducing substance test

Sample: Urine

Normal range: 70-110 mg/dL

Comment: Three tests recommended for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus are fasting glucose, random glucose, and two –hour post glucose loud. Testing for gestational diabetes mellitus involves a first step screening glucose 1 hour after a 50 g glucose load, and if this result is abnormal, a 100 g glucose load test. The test is used to establish the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and to monitor therapy and support control of diabetes. In additional, fasting glucose measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of certain metabolic disorders e.g., acidosis, ketosis, dehydration, and coma

Sample: Serum

Normal range: Up to 120  mg/dL

Comment:Individuals’ values between 120-200 mg/dL need to be studied further

Sample: Serum

Normal range: 2-3.5 g/dL

Comment: Increased in chronic liver disease, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease and in paraproteinaemias. Decreased in nephritic syndrome, malnutrition and hypogammaglobulinaemia

Sample: Serum

Normal range: negative

Comment: Giardia lamblia is a flagellated enteric protozoan that infects both humans and animals. It is the most common cause of protozoal diarrhea throughout the world. Infection occurs through fecal –oral transmission and ingestion of contaminated food or water. Stool examination for the trophozoites and cysts is the traditional method used for the diagnosis of G. lamblia infection. Antigen detection assays are now available and have become the method of choice for diagnosis of diarrhea due to G. lamblia

Sample: Stool, fresh

:Normal range

Peak level              : 8-10 m/mL

Trough level          : 1-2 m/mL

Life threatening    : 6-8 m/mL

Serious infections : 0.5-1 m/mL

UTI                         : 4-5 m/mL

(Since Aminoglycosides concentration is high in the urine)

Comment:Blood assays are necessary to monitor therapeutic levels and avoid toxicity which especially

Sample: Serum, Trough or peak level

Normal range: Up to108 pg/mL

Comment: Of diagnostic value in patients with a gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Unusually high levels are also present in patients with achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria, and gastric acid levels must be measured before the gastrin level is judged to be abnormal

Sample:Serum, fasting, under ice

Normal range: Male : 11-43 U/L; Female : 9-37 U/L

Comment: Sensitive indicator of liver damage (especially cholestasis) and of alcohol abuse. It may also

be raised from liver involvement in obesity, cardiac failure, diabetes, pancreatitis and malignancies. Level may be raised by drugs which are enzyme inducers

Sample:Serum

(Normal range: 17-37 units (mmol/hour/g hemoglobin

Comment: Diagnose galactosemia (galactose -1- phosphate uridyl transferase deficiencies that cause galactosemia are galactokinase and UDP galactose – 4 – epimerase

Sample: EDTA blood

Normal range: 146-376 Mu/10⁹E

Comment: Low values reflect a congenital enzyme deficiency which may occur in people from the Mediterranean littoral, some of African origin and some Chinese. This may give rise to an acute hemolytic episode. Affected individuals should avoid Fava beans and certain drug (e.g. some antimalarials, sulphonamides and antibodies). An increased reticulocyte count following a hemolytic episode may give rise to a falsely normal result

Sample: EDTA blood, whole blood