(Normal range: 10-85 mg/dL (0.19-1.58 mmol/L
Comment: Low from dietary deficiency, malabsorption and liver disease and in association with Vitamin A deficiency to give rise to “night blindness” and keratomalacia. Raised in high carotene intake, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia
Sample: Serum, protect from light, fasting
:Normal range
Children : 36-41 μmol/L
Adult M : 36-83 μmol/L
Adult F : 28-75 μmol/L
Comment: Carnitine is a co-factor in mitochondrial fatty acid production. Carnitine deficiency maybe primary (rare) or secondary to other mitochondrial myopathy is a common feature and cardiomyopathy may occur with either form
Sample: Serum, freeze immediately
:Normal range
Comment: Test includes (Troponin I, Myoglobin, CK with isoenzymes, LD “LDH with the five LD isoenzymes). Measurement of these substances can detect presence of acute myocardial infraction (AMI). Diagnostic electrocardiograms for AMI are initially found in about 8% of the six million patients annually presenting to the emergency departments to the U.S. with chest pain consistent with acute coronary syndrome. Most frequent cause of malpractice litigation is reported to be missed diagnosis of acute myocardial infract. Missed diagnosis of AMI may cause significant morbidity and mortality
.(Sample: Serum & Fresh heparinized (whole blood
:Normal range
Smoker: up to 5.0 μg/L
Non- smoker: 3.0 μg/L
Comment: Produced by malignant tumors, particularly of the gastrointestinal tract. A significant number of false negatives and false positives are found. Maybe useful in monitoring response to treatment of established malignancies and for early detection of metastases
Sample: serum
Normal range: Therapeutic range 4-10 mg /L
Comment: Carbamazepine is a first-line antiepileptic drug for generalized and partial seizures. It is also used for control of neurogenic pain from trigeminal neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy. It has been successfully used in the treatment of bipolar disease and other psychiatric and neurologic illness. It has a distinctive pharmacokinetic property of inducing the hepatic enzymes responsible for increase in its own clearance, called autoinduction
Sample: serum – levels should be drawn before next oral dose wit patient at steady-state
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Antibody investitigations in candida infections are not of established value in diagnosis. Patients with chronic infections and healthy individuals may have similar levels of agglutinins and precipitins in their sera
Sample: serum
:Normal range
(Adult: 8.5-10.2 μg/dl (2.12-2.55 mmol/L
(Child: 8.5-12 μg/dl (2.12-30 mmol/L
Comment: Increased in hyperparathyrodism, myelomatosis, some malignancies both of bone and non-osseous as well as in vitamin D excess and sarcoidosis. Decreased in hypoparathyrodism, hypoalbuminemia and in renal disease; in idiopathic, surgical, or congenital Hypoparathyrodism; vitamin D deficiency, chronic renal failure magnesium deficiency; massive blood transfusion, leprosy; anterior pituitary hypofunction, cystinosis, osteomalasia; alcoholism; hepatic cirrhosis; hypoalbuminemia and inadequate nutrition
Sample: Serum
(Normal range: 4.32-5.24 mg/dl (1.08-1.3 mmol/L
Comment: Ionized calcium reflects the physiological active function of total calcium. Increased in primary hyperparathyrodism, excess intake of vitamin D ectopic PTH-producing tumors. Elevation maybe seen even when total Ca is normal. Decreased in hypoparathyrodism, vitamin D deficiency and magnesium deficiency
Sample: Heparin, vacationer, send immediately
(Normal range: 100-300 mg/24 hrs (2.5-7.5 mmol/24 hrs
Comment: Raised in hyperparathyroidism and in other hypercalcaemic
disorders, osteolytic bone metastases, myeloma; osteoporosis, Vit D intoxication (hypercalciuria occurs in many cases before serum Ca rises). Pagets disease, Fanconi’s syndrome, idiopathic hyper calciuria, thyrotoxicosis. Also useful in investigations of renal calculi. Decreased in hypoparathyroidism, rickets osteomalacia, all cases in which serum calcium is low, cases of nephrosis and acute nephritis
Sample: 24 hr urine
Normal range: Up to 50 ng/L
Comment: High levels occur in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland and occasionally with carcinoid tumors, oat-cell carcinoma of the lung and in the Zollinger- Ellison syndrome
Sample: serum