:Normal range
Negative : < 9.0
Equivocal : 9.0-11.0
Positive : > 11.0
Comment: Brucella species cause epizootic infections in a variety of animals, as well as septicemic febrile illness and localized infections of bone or various organs in humans. Brucellosis is associated with occupational or vocational exposure to animals. Healthy individuals exposed to Brucella sp. may develop low titers, mainly IgM
Sample: serum
:Normal range
Negative : < 9.0
Equivocal : 9.0-11.0
Positive : > 11.0
Comment: Brucella species cause epizootic infections in a variety of animals, as well as septicemic febrile illness and localized infections of bone or various organs in humans. Brucellosis is associated with occupational or vocational exposure to animals. High or rising titers (> 1:80) are indicative of either past or present infection. The antibody level remains high after clinical recovery and is not prognostic
Sample: Serum
Normal range: Negative
Comment: High or rising titers, associated with clinical symptoms, are indicative of brucella infection. The antibody level may remain high after clinical recovery
NB: Blood culture maybe positive during the acute phase of brucellosis
Sample: serum
Comment: Measurement of BNP blood levels is now part of essential work up for any patients with heart disease (ischemia, cardiac dilatation, cardiac failure), in patients with Dyspnea, and in patients with pulmonary embolism. The higher the blood level value, the worse is the damage, and the worse is the prognosis
Sample: serum
:Normal range
mOsm 270-280: <1.5
mOsm 280-285: < 2.5
mOsm 285-290: 1.00-5.00
mOsm 290-295: 2.00-7.00
mOsm 295-300: 4.00-12.00
Comment: This test is used for confirming a diagnosis of diabetes insipidus or inappropriate ADH secreation. It should be carried out in conjunction with simultaneous plasma osmolality and sodium
Sample: Both plasma (EDTA) & serum should be sent under ice, freeze immediately, fasting
:Normal range
Anti cardiolipin Abs IgG*
Negative: <10 GPL
Equivocal: 10-14 GPL
Positive: > 14 GPL
Anti cardiolipin Abs IgM*
Negative: <0.9
Equivocal: 0.91-1.09
Positive: > 1.10
Comment: This test may show raised levels in arterial and venous thrombosis including unexplained strokes, myocardial infraction, SLE, thrombocytopenia and in recurrent miscarriages. For practical purposes it is synonymous with Anti phospholipid antibodies. This test should always be used for confirmation when the lupus anticoagulant test gives equivocal results, or as part of the initial request
Sample: Serum
:Normal range
Negative : < 0.9 Ratio
Borderline: 0.9-1.1 Ratio
Positive : >1.1 Ratio
Comment:Antibodies against phospholipids which are components of the biological membranes, are specific for phospholipids. The IgG antibodies represent past exposure. There is a correlation between these Autoantibodies and an enhanced incidence of thrombosis, Thrombocytopenia and habitual abortions as a consequence of placental infract. Most patients with “anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome” have moderate or high levels of cardiolipin antibodies and are positive for IgG
Sample: serum
:Normal range
Negative : < 0.9 Ratio
Borderline: 0.9-1.1 Ratio
Positive : >1.1 Ratio
Comment:IgM express recent express recent exposure to the phospholipids and are frequently found in sera of patient with SLE and related disease, which is typical for a secondary anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS). There is a correlation between these Autoantibodies and enhanced incidence of thrombosis, Thrombocytopenia and habitual abortions as a consequence of placental infarct. Most patients with “anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome” have moderate or high levels of cardiolipin antibodies and are positive for IgG and IgM
Sample: serum
:Normal range
Male Female
Average risk 0.7 0.6
Twice avg. risk 0.9 0.9
Three times avg. risk 1.0 1.0
Comment: The quantities of arterial blood gases are measured in arterial blood because they are considered to be the best reflection of the state
Sample: serum
:Normal range
Blood, umol/L*
Newborn: 20-170
Infants: 30-140
Children: 30-150
Adults: 20-140
Urine, umol/L*
Infants: <10
Children: < 29
Adults: < 60
Comment: Look amino acid
in plasma & urine
Sample : 24hr urine, spot urine, plasma, (lithium heparin) separate immediately