:Normal range M: Barr bodies absent F : Barr bodies present Comment: Barr bodies (sex chromatin) found in the nuclei of cells represent the inactivated second X-chromosome. The number of Barr bodies is one less than the karyotype. Thus in Turner’s syndrome (single X female) no sex chromatin is found, whilst it is present in… Read More »
:Normal range Negative : < 9.0 Equivocal : 9.0-11.0 Positive : > 11.0 Comment: Brucella species cause epizootic infections in a variety of animals, as well as septicemic febrile illness and localized infections of bone or various organs in humans. Brucellosis is associated with occupational or vocational exposure to animals. Healthy individuals exposed to Brucella… Read More »
:Normal range Negative : < 9.0 Equivocal : 9.0-11.0 Positive : > 11.0 Comment: Brucella species cause epizootic infections in a variety of animals, as well as septicemic febrile illness and localized infections of bone or various organs in humans. Brucellosis is associated with occupational or vocational exposure to animals. High or rising titers (>… Read More »
Normal range: Negative Comment: High or rising titers, associated with clinical symptoms, are indicative of brucella infection. The antibody level may remain high after clinical recovery NB: Blood culture maybe positive during the acute phase of brucellosis Sample: serum
Comment: Measurement of BNP blood levels is now part of essential work up for any patients with heart disease (ischemia, cardiac dilatation, cardiac failure), in patients with Dyspnea, and in patients with pulmonary embolism. The higher the blood level value, the worse is the damage, and the worse is the prognosis Sample: serum
:Normal range mOsm 270-280: <1.5 mOsm 280-285: < 2.5 mOsm 285-290: 1.00-5.00 mOsm 290-295: 2.00-7.00 mOsm 295-300: 4.00-12.00 Comment: This test is used for confirming a diagnosis of diabetes insipidus or inappropriate ADH secreation. It should be carried out in conjunction with simultaneous plasma osmolality and sodium Sample: Both plasma (EDTA) & serum should be… Read More »
:Normal range Anti cardiolipin Abs IgG* Negative: <10 GPL Equivocal: 10-14 GPL Positive: > 14 GPL Anti cardiolipin Abs IgM* Negative: <0.9 Equivocal: 0.91-1.09 Positive: > 1.10 Comment: This test may show raised levels in arterial and venous thrombosis including unexplained strokes, myocardial infraction, SLE, thrombocytopenia and in recurrent miscarriages. For practical purposes it… Read More »
:Normal range Negative : < 0.9 Ratio Borderline: 0.9-1.1 Ratio Positive : >1.1 Ratio Comment:Antibodies against phospholipids which are components of the biological membranes, are specific for phospholipids. The IgG antibodies represent past exposure. There is a correlation between these Autoantibodies and an enhanced incidence of thrombosis, Thrombocytopenia and habitual abortions as a consequence… Read More »
:Normal range Negative : < 0.9 Ratio Borderline: 0.9-1.1 Ratio Positive : >1.1 Ratio Comment:IgM express recent express recent exposure to the phospholipids and are frequently found in sera of patient with SLE and related disease, which is typical for a secondary anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS). There is a correlation between these Autoantibodies and enhanced incidence… Read More »
:Normal range Male Female Average risk 0.7 0.6 Twice avg. risk 0.9 0.9 Three times avg. risk 1.0 1.0 Comment: The quantities of arterial blood gases are measured in arterial blood because they are considered to be the best reflection of the state Sample: serum