(Normal range: 0.2-0.8 mg/ml (12-47 mmol/L Comment: Ammonia and alpha- ketoglutarate with NADH yield glutamate; glutamate and ammonia yield glutamine. Cerebrospinal fluid glutamine levels are useful in hepatic encephalopathy and with Reye syndrome. In the HHH syndrome, hyperammonemia is intermittent; it presents in infancy often, but symptoms can be delayed. Metabolic acidosis with ketosis are… Read More »
:Comment Excretion of certain amino acids is increased in several specific aminoacidurias, such as phenylketonuria and maple syrup urine disease. Dibasic amino acids (lysine, ornithine, arginine, Cystine) are increased in cystinuria. Aminoacidopathies, with ninhydrin – positive urinary amino acids, include phenylketouria, cystinuria, nonketotic hyperglycinemia and homocystinuria. Their investigation includes urine organic acids and amino acids,… Read More »
Normal range: Normal Comment: Amino acid concentrations show a significant circardian rhythm with intra – day plasma level variation of 30%. Values are highest in mid-afternoon and lowest in the early morning. A variety of inherited metabolic disorders result in aminoacidemia/aminoaciduria. Typically, the abnormal amino acids concentration exceeds 3-4 times normal, but maybe > 10… Read More »
Comment: The usual approach to qualitative amino acid testing is to test a fresh urine sample. However, urinary levels are variable. Quantitative amino acids in plasma are more definitive Sample: urine, fresh sample
Normal range: Normal pattern Comment: A qualitative screen for the investigation of inborn errors of metabolism Sample: Serum
Normal range: μg/ml 2.5 MOPM Median Wks of gestation 38.1 33.2 15 96.6 38.6 16 112.4 45.0 17 130.7 52.3 18 152.1 60.8 19 176.9 70.7 20 205.7 82.3 21 Males & non-pregnant females: up to 10 Comment: Routinely used in pregnancy screen for congenital open neural- tube defects in the fetus. Confirms significantly raised… Read More »
:Normal range :Therapeutic Range Peak level: 20-30 mg/L* Trough level: < 5 mg/L* Comment: Amikacin is used to treat serious infections caused by susceptible aerobic gram –negative bacilli for e.g., a number of the Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa. Amikacin is cleared by the kidney and accumulates in renal tubular cells. Nephrotoxicity is most closely related… Read More »
:Normal range 2.5 MOPM μg/ml Median μg/ml Wks of gestation 39.9 16.0 15 33.8 13.5 16 28.6 11.5 17 24.3 9.7 18 20.6 8.2 19 17.4 7.0 20 14.8 5.9 21 Comment: AFP in amniotic fluid is derived from two sources, the fetal liver and the fetal yolk sac. These two forms show varying… Read More »
Normal range (M: 78-138 mg/dl (0.78-1.38 g/L (F : 79-188 mg/dl (0.79-1.88 g/L Comment: Alpha- Antitrypsin is the major prostate (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase) inhibitor in human serum Deficiency of this genetically determined protease inhibitor causes emphysema, cirrhosis of liver disease of pancreas. Also decreased in nephritic syndrome, acute hepatitis and acute pancreatitis. Confirmation (by… Read More »
-1 (Food allergens (20 allergens Normal range: Negative Comment: Food allergy is usually mediated by IgE antibody. The primary target organs for food allergic reactions are the skin (atopic dermatitis and urticaria), the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory system (allergic rhinitis and asthma). The gastrointestinal tract symptoms may be manifested by different manifestation and can… Read More »