:Normal range
Free: 80-120 % of normal plasma activity
Total 13-21 mg/L
Comment: Protein S is synthesized in the liver, it enhances the anticoagulant action of activated protein C as a cofactor. In normal human plasma, protein S exists in two forms: free (about 40%) and bound to CC4b-BP (about 60%). Only the free form expresses biological activity while the bound one is functionally inactive
Sample: Citrated plasma
Normal range: No M-band detected
Comment: Useful in monitoring patients with nephrotic syndrome and multiple myeloma
Sample: 24 hrs spot urine
:Normal range
Total protein : 66-87 g/L
Albumin : 35-87 g/L
a1 Globulin : 2-4 g/L
a2 Globulin : 3-9 g/L
b Globulin : 4-10 g/L
g Globulin : 6-17 g/L
Total globulin : 20-35 g/L
A/G Ratio : 1.1-2.2 g/L
Comment: Albumin: see albumin, serum. a 1-globulin: Includes a 1-antitrypsin, a 1 acid glycoprotein, a1-lipoproteins. etc. it is increased along with a-2 band in acute phase reaction. An increase in a -1 components alone maybe seen in acute phase reactions accompanied by hemolysis, chronic hepatitis, pregnancy or estrogen therapy. Low or flat a-curve occurs in a-1- antrypsin deficiency.a 2-globulin: Includes haptoglobin, a-2 macroglobulin, pre-b lipoprotein, ceruloplasmin and numerous enzyme and coagulation factors. It increases along with a-1 band in acute infections and rheumatic fever. Predominate increase in a-2 band occurs in diseases characterized by vasculitis e.g. rheumatoid arthritis and immune complex disease. Healthy children have higher levels of a-2 macroglobulin. b-globulin: Includes transferrin, hemopexin, b-lipoproteins, various complement fractions, several enzymes and coagulation factors. It is increased in iron deficiency anemia (transferrin) or high levels of estrogens. Decreased in chronic inflammatory states, some instances of acquired liver disease, nephro syndrome and chronic debilitating illnesses. g-globulin: Indludes the imunoglobulins, the presence of an M-band in this fraction is suggestive of multiple myeloma. Hypergammaglobulins are usually seen in chronic inflammatory disorders
Sample: serum
:Normal range
Total protein : 150-450 mg/L
Pre Albumin : 2.2-7.1%
Albumin : 56.8-76.9%
a-1 Globulins : 1.1-6.6%
a-2 Globulins : 3.0-12.6%
b- Globulins : 7.3-17.9%
γ – Globulins : 3.0-11.0%
Comment: The primary reason to perform electrophoresis is to detect oligoclonal bands, which are most often associated with multiple sclerosis. CSF protein electrophoresis can be used to assist in the detection of CSF leakage with resultant nasal or aural discharge
Sample: CSF
Normal range: 1.8-3.9 mg/L
Comment: This Vitamin K-dependent protein is an important inhibitor of inappropriate thrombin formation. Deficiency, either congenital or acquired, predisposes to arterial or venous thrombosis, particularly in high-risk clinical situations such as pregnancy or following major surgery. Skin necrosis may occur following the first few days of Warfarin therapy in protein C deficiency unless heparin is used during this phase. Oral anticoagulant therapy depresses levels of this protein; there should be a 4-week’s cessation of Warfarin before the test
Sample: Citrated plasma
Comment: To detect presence of pathogenic microorganism in prostatic fluid
Sample: prostatic fluid
Normal range: TPSA: up to 4.0 ng/mL
Comment: Prostatic specific antigen, human kallikrein-3 (hK3), is a seine protease that is produced almost exclusively by epithelial cells of prostatic tissue. It is present at high concentrations in seminal fluid and functions in the liquefaction of seminal coagulum. Preoperative PSA serum levels correlate (but imperfectly) with extent of disease in patients with prostate cancer. PSA density is obtained by division of serum PSA result by prostatic weight utilizing transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) volumetric measurements: PSA density = [PSA] / total prostate volume; units = ng/ml/ cc
Sample: serum
Normal range: FPSA: 0.05-0.25 ng/mL
Comment: The free PSA: total PSA ratio is a useful screening test for identifying men with equivocal laboratory or physical findings who may benefit from prostate biopsy. This group includes those with mildly elevated total PSA (4-10 ng/mL) or those with enlarged prostate volumes detected by ultrasound. A high risk of carcinoma exists when the percentage of free PSA is very low cancer occurring in 55% of individuals with levels of 0% to 10% cancer risk was 5% to 9% when concentrations were > 25%. Its use in monitoring and determining prognosis of men with prostate carcinoma has not been established. A role in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is described
Sample: Serum
:Normal range
Blood, umol/L*
Newborn: 70-330
Infants: 70-270
Children: 70-300
Adults: 70-300
Urine, umol/L*
Infants: <22
Children: <38
Adults: 0
Comment: Look amino acid in plasma & urine
Sample: 24 hr urine, spot urine, plasma, (lithium heparin) separate immediately
Normal range: M: up to 23 ng/mL; F : up to 27 ng/mL
Comment: The most usual cause of a raised prolactin level is a pituitary (micro-) adenoma (apart from pregnancy, lactation, hypothyroidism and phenothiazine drugs). Infertility or impotence in the male may be caused by hyperprolactinemia
(Sample: Serum, (½ hr, rest before blood collection