:Normal range
Blood, umol/L*
Newborn: 8-36
Infants: 7-41
Children: < 50
Adults: < 50
Urine, umol/L*
Infants: 0
Children: 0
Adults: 0
Comment: Look amino acid in plasma & urine
Sample: 24hr urine, spot urine, plasma, (lithium heparin) separate immediately
(HLA (A, B, C-
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Histocompatibility (HLA typing) antigens are glycopeptides present on the cell surface of most tissues in the body, essential for immune recognition. Leukocytes of each individual bear a unique HLA antigen code may allow prediction of which immunologic diseases each individual is susceptible to. HLA B-27 for example is a risk prediction marker for ankylosing spondylitis and essential in donor selection of organ transplant. HLA genes site is known to have multiple alleles, they are all coexpressed. The serologically detected antigens can be classified into 4 main groups: HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-D R, P&Q
Sample: Heparin, whole blood
HLA B27-
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Although the tissue type antigen HLA B 27 is present in 4-8%5 of the normal population, it is present in 88-96% of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Can be detected serologically or by flowcytometry
Sample: Heparin, whole blood
HLA B5-
Normal range: Negative
Comment: There is close association between its presence and Behcets disease
Sample: Heparin, whole blood
HLA DR-
Normal range: Negative
Comment: HLA-DR play a major role in antigen presentation and graft rejection. Typing of HLA-DR antigens can be determined seroloically or more specifically at the genetic level using the PCR technique
Sample: EDTA, whole blood
This marker is useful for detection of Diabetes Mellitetus Type I with a sensitivity of about 70%. It is recommended with Anti-GAD to detect most of the DM type I
Sample: serum
(Normal range: 2-10 mg/24hr (10.5-52.3 mmol/24 hrs
Comment: Urinary levels of 5-HIAA are raised in midgut (ileal) carcinoid tumors, foregut carcinoid tumors, ovarian carcinoid tumors, Celiac sprue, tropical sprue, Whipple’s disease. Oat cell carcinoma of the bronchus and bronchial adenoma of carcinoid type. Decreased in depressive illness, small intestinal resection, mastocytosis, PKU, and Hartnup disease. Patient preparation: avoid bananas, eggplant, tomatoes, walnuts, pineapples, plums and all medications for at least 48 hours prior to and during collection
Sample: 24hr urine
Comment: Use specific swab provided by the laboratory to collect endocervical and ectocervical cells similar to the manner in which Pap smear cells are taken. Obtain biopsy in usual manner. Biopsies must be £3 mm. Cervical cells also can be taken by scraping the cervix with an appropriate spatula. Place swabs, scraping/ removal of cells to the point of bleeding should not be done, because visible blood in specimen might reduce the chance of detection of HPV
Sample: Cervical swab
:Normal range
Serum: Adult: 5-15 umol/L
60years: 5-20 umol/L<
Urine: Not detectable
Comment: Increased risk of occlusive vascular disease especially myocardial
infarction and, to a lesser extent, ischamic stroke
Sample: Serum, fresh, under ice, spot urine
:Normal range
Blood, umol/L*
Newborn: 45-200
Infants: 50-160
Children: 65-140
Adults: 55-140
Urine, umol/L*
Infants: <388
Children: <751
Adults: 430-2310
Comment: Look amino acid in plasma & urine
Sample: 24hr urine, spot urine, plasma, (lithium heparin) separate immediately
Herpes SimplexVirus Antibodies Type I, IgG
Normal range: Negative
Comment: HSV is a member of a large group of viruses including Herpes virus B, Varicella zoster, EBV and CMV. Herpes simplex type I causes a vesicular lesion commonly at the mucocutaneous junction of lips or conjunctivae. Cross reactivity between both types of HSV is common
Sample: serum
Herpes SimplexVirus Antibodies Type I, IgM
Normal range: Negative
Comment: The presence of IgM antibodies suggests current or recent infection. Low levels of IgM antibodies may occasionally persist for more than 12 months post-infection. IgM denotes acute infection. Cross reactivity between both types of HSV is common
Sample: serum
Herpes SimplexVirus Antibodies Type II, IgG
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Herpes simplex type II causes genital lesions. HSV type II cause more frequent recurrent genital herpes episodes than HSV type I. The antibody is not protective and cross reactivity between the two types is common
Sample: serum
Herpes SimplexVirus Antibodies Type II, IgM
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Herpes simplex type II causes genital lesions. HSV type II causes more frequent recurrent genital herpes episodes than HSV type I. The presence of IgM antibodies suggests current or recent infection. Low levels of IgM antibodies may occasionally persist for more than 12 months post- infection. IgM denotes acute infection. Cross reactivity between both types of HSV is common
Sample: serum
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Present screening tests for HIV antibodies are ELISA procedures which use recombinant antigen products. Different antibodies are detected. Both the sensitivity and specificity of these tests are extremely high, but positive results on a screen should be repeated using a new specimen. If positive a second time they should be confirmed with
a Western blot procedure. Because of the grave implications of a positive result, it is recommended that a second sample be assayed to eliminate false positives due to switched samples or sample contamination. Before patients develop antibody (window phase) in early disease, detection of HIV nucleic acid by PCR or branched DNA assays can be used for diagnosis
Sample: serum
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Monitor progression of HIV disease and detect therapy failure
Sample: EDTA Plasma