Normal range: Negative
Comment: This test measures antibodies against a group of antigens in the nucleus and cytoplasma. The screen includes: SS-A & SS-B – found in Sjogren’s and SLE. Sm – specific for SLE. RNP – mixed connective tissue disease, especially Raynaud’s. Jo-1 –present classically in polymyositis. Scl-70 – found in scleroderma
Sample: serum
:Normal range
(Blood : Negative (<5-10 mg/dL) (< 1-2 mmol/L
(Urine : Negative (<5-10 mg/dL
Comment: Quantitation of ethanol level is important both for medical and for legal purposes. It is used to diagnose alcohol intoxication and to screen for alcoholism. Person in rehabilitation programs maybe subject to serious patients
Sample: serum plasma, spot urine
Normal range: 4.3-27 ng/mL
Comment: Estrtiol is an estrogen but less poternt than Estradiol. In pregnancy, both
fetus and placenta are involved in biosynthesis of Estriol , which is secreted into maternal circulation, excreted in urine and serves as a sensitive indicator of fetoplancental status. Serial determination are more meaningful and a continuous fall during three consecutive days is Associated with fetal distress. Estriol levels during pregnancy are influenced by many other factors than fetal well –being
Sample: Serum, state LMP
Normal range: 1.6-34 IU/L
Comment: Erythropoietin is produced by the kidney and is the primary hormone for the regulation of erythropoiesis. Low levels can be a cause of anemia, e.g. in renal disease. High levels have been found with some tumours, e.g. hypernephroma, hepatoma and phaeochromocytoma; and also in primary polycythaemia
Sample: Serum
:Normal range
Child : up to 10 mm/hr
M : up to 15 mm/hr
F : up to 20 mm/hr
Comment: Raised principally in pyrexial conditions, inflammatory diseases and malignancies. Normal values increase over 50 years of age (females more than males) and during pregnancy. The ESR falls more slowly during recovery than C-reactive protein CRP
Sample: Citrate or EDTA, whole blood
Normal range: Negative
Comment: Epstein Barr virus is a DNA virus that infects mostly young children and adolescence. But is does infect adults not infrequently. The virus enters the human body system through the oropharyngeal epithelial and lymphoid tissue. The virus enters the cell DNA and incorporate into the cell and may induce oncogenic changes in some of the cells later in life
:Antibodies response
Viral capsid antigen (VCA): IgM and IgG: first to rise in the incubation period and prodromal phase. IgM falls after 2nd and 3rd week. IgG: remains during life
EBV nuclear antigen antibody (EBNA): rises during the later portion of the convalescence (after 2 weeks) and detectable throughout life
Early antigen-Diffuse type: EA-D: rises with onset of clinical symptoms and decreased after 9-10 months. It is also increased during reactivation of the disease and is considered usually as a marker of reactivation of infection
Sample: serum
Normal range: Negative
Comment: It has been estimated that more than 90% of the adult population are IgG positive to the viral capsid antigen (VCA). This virus causes infectious mononucleosis and is strongly associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Diagnosis of glandular fever is usually confirmed by hematological picture and presence of heterophile antibodies (positive Paul Bunnell or Monospot test). When findings are inconclusive, IgG and IgM specific antibodies are helpful. Rising titers or positive IgM titers indicate recent or current infection
Sample: serum
EGFR immunostaining is important in many carcinomas, as tumors expressing this factor have aggressive course with early relapse and poor response to therapy. Treatment with anti-EGFR either alone or in combination of chemotherapy, have shown to be effective in many carcinomas
:Normal range
Neonates: < 800 /cu mm
Others: 450 /cu mm
Comment: Eosinophilia may be found in allergic disorders, skin diseases, malignant neoplasm, myeloproliferative disorders, parasitic infestation, and some infections (e.g. scarlet fever, chorea). Reduction of eosinophils occurs as response to stress and in Cushing’s syndrome. Lowest counts in morning, highest at night
Sample: EDTA, whole blood
:Comment: Electron Microscopy has invaluable role in the following entities
Kidney biopsy-
Muscle diseases (especially mitochondrial myopathies-
(Some metabolic and congenital diseases (i.e. Lysosomal storage disease-
(Sample: Tissue sections (Paraffin blocks